Analysis of off-site economic costs induced by runoff and soil erosion: Example of two areas in the northwestern European loess belt for the last two decades (Normandy, France)

While soil erosion and runoff physical processes socio-environmental impacts are widely addressed in the literature, few studies have focused on economical dimension. However, it is essential to consider this dimension conduct appropriate land use management policies. Erosion known result into on-site off-site impacts. A fully exhaustive analysis of economic costs may be difficult ambitious due low availability data considering that some issues still unevaluated literature (cost public policies prevent impacts, prohibition drinking water turbidity, etc.). In study, we chose analyze main induced by these two specific areas located northwestern European loess belt (Normandy, France). We quantified avoidance social damages over last 25 years through a global retrospective financial databases provided regional or local authorities (water agencies, departmental councils, reinsurance, companies, transport infrastructures managers) review (scientific articles technical reports). Our suggested from 1995 2017, total cost ranged 611 721 M€. Off-site damage accounted for almost 2/3 expenditure. Seine-Maritime area, mean was evaluated 4 319 € yr?1 km?2 868 Eure area. Even if tried as possible remained unknown. It appeared more research necessary scientific community get full picture runoff.